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By period

Eight eras, from antiquity to the present, each read from the year on the record.

The 267 period labels, as the records write them

All 267 periods

by century, as each record dates its object

Sixth century BC2

Late Archaic, 530-480 BC1 Lydian, sixth century BC1

Fifth century BC2

Classical Greek, Athens under Pericles, fifth century BC1 Greek, fifth century BC1

Fourth century BC1

Greek, fourth century BCE, or Hellenistic1

Second century BC1

Hellenistic Greek, second or first century BC1

First century BC1

Early Imperial (Julio-Claudian), 27 BC-681

First century1

Kushan-era Afghanistan, 1st century CE (Roman import)1

Second century2

Roman Britain, later 2nd - earlier 3rd century AD1 Roman Imperial, 2nd century AD; restored and displayed as a Grand Tour trophy from 17741

Third century1

Roman, third century CE1

Fourth century6

Late Antique / Early Christian, 4th-5th century1 Late Roman Britain, 4th century CE1 Late Roman, 4th century AD2 Late Roman, fourth to fifth century1 Late Roman, Rhineland (Germania Inferior/Secunda), first half of the 4th century CE1 Roman Britain, 4th century AD1

Sixth century2

Early Byzantine, sixth century2 Pre-Angkorian Khmer, about 6001

Seventh century3

Anglo-Saxon England, early 7th century (Sutton Hoo Mound 1 ship burial)1 Anglo-Saxon England, Mercian kingdom, 7th century (with some heirloom pieces reaching back to the 6th century)1 Early medieval Ireland (Insular art, late 7th-early 8th century)1

Eighth century1

Anglo-Saxon Northumbria, early eighth century1

Ninth century1

Norwegian, Viking Age, 9th century1

Tenth century4

Byzantine, tenth and thirteenth centuries1 Catalogued as in the style of the Buyid period (945-1055); dated by radiocarbon to 1640-19501 French royal regalia, Carolingian-Ottonian through the Bourbon Restoration (10th-19th century)1 Near Eastern, tenth century1

Eleventh century3

Anglo-Norman, eleventh century1 Fatimid Egypt, late 11th century1 Islamic Mediterranean, 11th-12th century1

Twelfth century10

English Romanesque, early twelfth century1 Islamic, Khurasan/Herat, late 12th-early 13th century1 Islamic, Seljuq period, Khurasan (Iran), 12th century1 Khurasan under Seljuq rule, mid-twelfth century (Herat workshop tradition)1 Korea, Goryeo dynasty (918-1392)1 Medieval copy, German, c. 1200, after a Roman itinerary map of disputed date1 Norman Sicily, 12th century (composition); later Islamic manuscript tradition, 14th-16th century (surviving copies)1 Norman Sicily, twelfth century (Hauteville dynasty)1 Romanesque, South Italian or Sicilian (Norman Kingdom of Sicily), 12th century1 Seljuk Iran, late 12th century (Kashan)1

Thirteenth century15

Ayyubid, mid-13th century1 Ayyubid, mid-thirteenth century1 English, late 13th century, in continuous use and repair into the 21st century1 English, late thirteenth century1 English, late thirteenth century, reign of Edward I1 English, mid-thirteenth century (Gothic)1 French, late thirteenth century1 Islamic, Ayyubid-to-early-Mamluk transition in Syria or the Jazira, second half of the 13th century1 Islamic, Jazira region, early 13th century (glass); French Gothic, mid-13th century (mount)1 Italian Duecento, 1200-13001 Jazira (greater Mosul region), mid-13th century, within the last full generation of production before the Mongol destruction of Baghdad in 12581 Jazira/Mosul school, Ayyubid era, early thirteenth century1 Late Seljuq or Khwarazmian-era Iran, early thirteenth century. The Cleveland Museum of Art's own period label, 'Iran, Seljuq period of Iran (1037-1194),' predates the object's own catalogued date range of 1200-1221 by several years; Great Seljuq authority in Khorasan had already given way to the Khwarazmshahs by about 1200, so the label and the date range sit awkwardly together in the museum's own record. This is noted as a minor cataloguing inconsistency, not a scholarly claim about the object.1 Rasulid Yemen, late 13th century1 Zengid/early Ayyubid Jazira, thirteenth century1

Fourteenth century12

Chinese, Yuan dynasty (1271-1368)2 English, early fourteenth century1 French Gothic, early fourteenth century1 French, Gothic, late fourteenth century (Valois)1 French, late fourteenth century (Valois court)1 Gaelic Ireland/Scotland, 14th-15th century1 Ilkhanid Iran, early fourteenth century1 Ilkhanid period (1256-1353), per the Cleveland Museum of Art's own culture field1 Late medieval, French, Valois court, c. 14001 Mamluk (Bahri period); dated to the third reign of Sultan al-Nasir Muhammad ibn Qalawun, 1310-13411 Mamluk, first half of the 14th century1 Yuan dynasty (Mongol China), mid-14th century1

Fifteenth century19

Castilian, Age of Discovery, circa 15001 Claimed at unveiling: International Gothic, circa 1440. Current assessment: 20th-century forgery on a genuine circa-1411-1468 parchment support.1 Franco-Flemish, late fifteenth century1 German, fifteenth century1 German, fifteenth century (Mainz, incunable period)1 German, late 15th century, with French restorations of 1887-18911 German, late fifteenth century1 German, mid fifteenth century1 Italian (Genoese), mid-fifteenth century1 Italian (Venetian), fifteenth century1 Italian Renaissance, fifteenth century (incunabula period)1 Italian Renaissance, Florentine, fifteenth century1 Italian, fifteenth century1 Netherlandish, fifteenth century1 Netherlandish, fifteenth century (Burgundian Artois)1 Renaissance Florence, late fifteenth century1 South Netherlandish or French, early fifteenth century (Late Gothic)1 South Netherlandish, late fifteenth century1 Venetian, fifteenth century1

Sixteenth century30

Age of Discovery, early sixteenth century1 Elizabethan England, sixteenth century1 English, Elizabethan, 16th century1 English, Tudor, sixteenth century1 Flemish, early sixteenth century1 German and Lorraine, early sixteenth century3 German, early 16th century (the reign of Emperor Maximilian I, 1493-1519)1 German, early sixteenth century (Northern Renaissance)2 German, early sixteenth century (Northern Renaissance); this impression Dutch, early seventeenth century1 German, Nuremberg, mid-sixteenth century1 German, sixteenth century1 Italian Renaissance, Cremona, sixteenth century1 Italian Renaissance, late sixteenth century, Grand Duchy of Tuscany1 Italian Renaissance, Urbino, 1520s1 Italian, early sixteenth century1 Italian, late sixteenth century1 Italian, Milan, second quarter of the sixteenth century1 Italian, Rome, sixteenth century1 Mexica (Aztec), Late Postclassic, early sixteenth century1 Netherlandish, sixteenth century2 Northern European, late sixteenth century1 Northern European, Reformation, sixteenth century1 Northern Mannerist, Habsburg court, 16th century1 Ottoman Turkish, 16th century1 Ottoman, early sixteenth century, Age of Discovery1 Portuguese, early sixteenth century1 Renaissance and Mannerist Europe, mid-sixteenth century, made at the French royal court1 Safavid Iran, sixteenth century1 Safavid Iran, Tabriz, ca. 1522-15351 West African, sixteenth to nineteenth century1

Seventeenth century24

British, Restoration period, late seventeenth century1 Colonial North America, seventeenth century1 Dutch Golden Age, 1600-17002 Dutch, early seventeenth century (Dutch Golden Age)1 Dutch, late seventeenth century (the court style of William III and Mary II)1 Dutch, seventeenth century3 Dutch, seventeenth century (Golden Age)2 Elizabethan and Jacobean, c. 1560-16502 English scientific revolution, seventeenth century1 English, Jacobean, early seventeenth century1 English, Jacobean, seventeenth century1 English, seventeenth century1 Flemish Baroque, seventeenth century1 Flemish, 17th century, enlarged in the French-influenced ravalement style of the 18th century1 French, 17th century (Baroque, Lorraine and Paris)1 French, late seventeenth to late eighteenth century (original construction c. 1695; forged embellishment c. 1750; classical-period rebuild 1774)1 French, Louis XIV, late seventeenth century1 French, seventeenth century1 Indian, before 1668; European settings 1673 to 19111 Italian (Cremonese school), late seventeenth century1 Italian Baroque, seventeenth century2 Italian, seventeenth century1 Safavid Iran, seventeenth century1 Spanish, seventeenth century1

Eighteenth century29

American colonial, eighteenth century1 American, eighteenth century1 American, Revolutionary War era, 17761 British, early eighteenth century (reign of Queen Anne)1 British, eighteenth century1 British, Georgian, third quarter of the eighteenth century1 British, Romantic era, late eighteenth to early nineteenth century1 England, first quarter of the eighteenth century (reign of George I)1 English rococo, eighteenth century2 English, 1730-17591 English, 17701 English, eighteenth century2 French, eighteenth century1 French, eighteenth century (Louis XV)1 French, Louis XV, 17641 French, Louis XVI, 18th century1 French, ordered 1783, completed 18271 Georgian, mid-eighteenth century1 German (Saxon), Baroque to early Rococo, eighteenth century1 German, Neoclassical, late eighteenth century1 Italian, Cremonese school, eighteenth century (Stradivari's late period)1 Italian, early eighteenth century (Cremonese school, Stradivari's "Golden Period," c. 1700-1720)2 Italian, early eighteenth century, Stradivari's 'golden period'1 Italian, eighteenth century (Cremonese violin making)1 Italian, Florence, early eighteenth century1 Japan, Edo period (1615-1868)1 Japan, Edo period, Genroku-Hoei transition (c. 1701-1705)1 Spanish, late eighteenth century1 Swiss, eighteenth century (Enlightenment)1

Nineteenth century41

American Federal / early Republic, New York, circa 1810-18201 American, Civil War era, nineteenth century1 American, Federal period, War of 18121 American, Gilded Age (1880s)1 American, mid-nineteenth century1 American, mid-nineteenth century (Rococo Revival)1 American, nineteenth century1 American, nineteenth century - Progressive Era documentary and reform photography1 British Aesthetic Movement; American expatriate painting, nineteenth century1 British, 19th century, the invention of photography1 British, Arts and Crafts movement, late 19th century1 British, early nineteenth century1 British, mid-nineteenth century1 British, nineteenth century1 Dutch, nineteenth century1 Early Bronze Age Anatolia (Troy II); excavated in 1873 in the Ottoman Empire, on the site of Hisarlik in what is now Turkey1 European Neoclassicism, 1800-18301 French Art Nouveau, Ecole de Nancy, c. 19001 French, 1837, two years before the daguerreotype process was publicly disclosed1 French, 1838, the first year of the publicly announced daguerreotype process1 French, 19th century (Palissy revival)1 French, Belle Epoque (late 19th century)1 French, early nineteenth century1 French, mid-nineteenth century1 French, nineteenth century1 German, nineteenth century1 Historicism, 1830-19001 Impressionism, 1874-18861 Italian Renaissance parade-armor tradition (Milan), overlaid with 19th-century Parisian restoration and completion1 Italian Renaissance, with a documented nineteenth-century reconstruction campaign1 Japanese, Edo period, 19th century1 Japanese, Edo period, Ansei era (1854-1860)1 Japanese, Edo period, nineteenth century1 Nineteenth century, in late sixteenth-century style1 Nineteenth century, in the Hellenistic Greek manner1 Nineteenth century, in the manner of the Italian Renaissance1 Norwegian Symbolism, 1890s1 Orientalizing-period central Italy (if genuine); Italian antiquities market of the 1880s (if not)1 Romanticism, 1780-18501 Spanish, early nineteenth century1 Symbolism, 1880-19101

Twentieth century10

American, early twentieth century - documentary and reform photography1 American, twentieth century - Farm Security Administration documentary photography1 American, twentieth century - tabloid and documentary photojournalism1 Austrian, twentieth century1 British, Arts and Crafts movement, early twentieth century1 French, twentieth century1 Greek Archaic, or twentieth century1 Italian Art Nouveau, early 20th century1 Russian and German, twentieth century1 Viennese Modernism (Wiener Moderne), 1897-19181

Period not dated on the record46

Achaemenid Anatolia, Lydian satrapy1 Achaemenid Persian, immediately following the Neo-Babylonian period1 American, Civil War era1 American, Gilded Age1 Chinese, Ming dynasty (Jiajing-Longqing reigns)1 Chinese, Northern Wei dynasty1 Chinese, Six Dynasties to Tang (traditional attribution: Eastern Jin)1 Chinese, Spring and Autumn period (object date); burial context dated to the Warring States period1 Chinese, Tang dynasty1 Colonial Spanish South America, viceroyalty of New Granada1 Early Islamic1 Early Islamic North Africa (disputed attribution; see narrative)1 Edo, Court of Benin, Kingdom of Benin1 Egyptian, late Ptolemaic1 Egyptian, New Kingdom, 18th Dynasty1 French Art Nouveau, Ecole de Nancy2 French Renaissance (Mannerist), Burgundy1 Greek, Hellenistic1 Greek, high Classical, Sicily1 Greek, Late Hellenistic1 Hellenistic Greek1 Hellenistic, Greek Sicily1 Hellenistic-Roman, composite1 Indian, Satavahana and later1 Islamic Spain (al-Andalus), Umayyad Caliphate of Cordoba1 Islamic, Mamluk sultanate (beaker); English or French late medieval (case)1 Italian, High Renaissance1 Japanese, Heian period2 Japanese, Kamakura period1 Japanese, late Kamakura period (helmet: Nanbokucho period)1 Korean, Goryeo dynasty1 Late Antique to Early Medieval, Latin West1 Late medieval / early Renaissance, Central Europe1 Late Ming dynasty, Chinese maritime Southeast Asia1 Maya, Early Postclassic1 Mesopotamian, Middle Babylonian1 New Kingdom, 18th Dynasty, Amarna Period, reign of Akhenaten1 Nordic, transitional Viking Age to Christian Middle Ages1 Ptolemaic Egypt, reign of Ptolemy V Epiphanes1 Qing dynasty export ware, made for the American market1 Regency London (manufacture) and late Beethoven Vienna (use)1 Roman Imperial (medallion); Lombard-Carolingian (the cross into which it is set)1 Roman imperial, Pamphylia1 Roman, Early Imperial, Julio-Claudian1 Russian, Faberge firm, reign of Nicholas II1 Tiwanaku (Andean Middle Horizon, Bolivia)1

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