# Dwelling in the Fuchun Mountains (Fuchun shanju tu) > Huang Gongwang - Begun 1347; the artist's inscription is dated 1350 (a gengyin year); the National Palace Museum dates the work 1347 to 1350 > Canonical HTML: https://iconotheca.com/artworks/huang-gongwang/huang-gongwang-dwelling-in-the-fuchun-mountains/ > Published by Servola Systems GmbH. Last verified: 2026-11-09 ## Tombstone - **Artist:** Huang Gongwang - **Date:** Begun 1347; the artist's inscription is dated 1350 (a gengyin year); the National Palace Museum dates the work 1347 to 1350 - **Medium:** Ink on paper, handscroll (now two separately mounted pieces) - **Dimensions:** Master Wuyong Scroll: 33 x 636.9 cm (six joined sheets). Remaining Mountain: 31.8 x 51.4 cm. Together 688.3 cm; the Zhejiang Provincial Museum gives about 746 cm for the original length - **Object type:** Painting - **Period:** Yuan dynasty, 1347 to 1350 - **Current location:** Two holdings of one scroll: the long section (Master Wuyong Scroll) in the National Palace Museum, Taipei; the opening fragment (The Remaining Mountain) in the Zhejiang Provincial Museum, Hangzhou, where it is shown for about a month a year at the Zhijiang branch - **Attribution:** accepted ## Summary Huang Gongwang's Dwelling in the Fuchun Mountains is a handscroll in ink on paper, begun in 1347 and dated by the painter's own inscription to 1350. It is now two objects. The long section, the Master Wuyong Scroll, 33 x 636.9 cm, is in the National Palace Museum in Taipei. The opening fragment, the Remaining Mountain, 31.8 x 51.4 cm, is in the Zhejiang Provincial Museum in Hangzhou. They were separated in 1650, when the collector Wu Hongyu, dying, ordered the scroll burned and a relative pulled it from the fire.Before that the scroll was lost by Shen Zhou around 1487 and bought back by another man, bought by Dong Qichang in 1596 and, on Shi Wanzhong's 2023 argument, pledged by him around 1616 or 1617 to the Wu family of Yixing. After the fire the long section went through a dealer, a collector in Danyang, the Ji family of Taixing, the officials Gao Shiqi and Wang Hongxu and the salt merchant An Qi before the Qianlong court bought it in 1746. Qianlong had acquired a copy, the Ziming Scroll, a year earlier, judged it the original and the long section a fake, and wrote on the copy for decades. The fragment resurfaced in 1938 as a leaf from a broken-up album, was matched to the long section by Wu Hufan and sold to the Zhejiang authorities in 1956.The two pieces were shown together in one case at the National Palace Museum from 2 June to 31 July 2011, after eleven years of proposals, a remark by Premier Wen Jiabao and a dispute over whether Taiwanese loans to the mainland would be safe from seizure. The scroll has no recorded auction history. This record separates what the museums, the colophons and the specialist literature document from the popular story, which differs from them on the pledge, on the fire, on the rescuer's name and on who first called the long section genuine. ## Provenance Every link carries a grade. `documented` means a cited source supports it, `disputed` means the identification is argued but not established, `unknown` means we have no owner for that span and have not bridged it. - **1347-1350** Huang Gongwang, at Fuchun and Songjiang `[documented]` (origin) Begun at Fuchun in 1347 and signed off by an inscription of 1350 written at the Zhizhi Hall of the Xia family at Yunjian. The inscription says the scroll was still unfinished after three or four years. The Taipei museum says Huang painted it with the Taoist Zheng Wuyong accompanying him. - **c. 1350-before the 1460s** Master Wuyong (Zheng Wuyong), a Taoist friend, then unknown `[unknown]` (disputed gift, then gap) The Taipei museum, Beijing Daily and Baidu Baike say the scroll was made for or given to Wuyong. Shi Wanzhong points out that the inscription says only that Wuyong accompanied the painter and asked for the inscription, so whether the scroll was given to him awaits study. Nothing documents the owners of the scroll for about a century. Shi reads a note by Zhang Chou, around 1616, as saying a colophon by Li Yingzhen was on it, which would be evidence of an unrecorded owner in this period. - **Chenghua era (1465 to 1487)-1487** Shen Zhou, Suzhou `[documented]` (ownership) Shen Zhou's own colophon of 1488 says the scroll was once in his collection but was lost. The Taipei museum places the ownership in the Chenghua era and says Shen asked someone to inscribe it. - **1487** Lost by Shen Zhou; Shen paints a copy from memory `[documented]` (loss) The Taipei museum says the inscriber's son seized the scroll and sold it at a high price; English Wikipedia says the inscriber was an unnamed calligrapher, and a People's Daily digest says a friend. Shen's memory copy, painted on the mid-autumn day of 1487, is in the Palace Museum in Beijing. The identity of the person who took the scroll is not documented. - **1487-1488** Fan, assistant prefect (jietui) at Suzhou, called Fan Shunju in one account `[documented]` (purchase) Wen Peng's colophon of 1570 says Fan acquired Shen's memory copy in 1487 and the original in 1488; Shen Zhou's colophon of the first day of summer 1488 says Fan had bought the scroll back. Neither gives the price. - **1488-1570** Unknown `[unknown]` (gap) No owner is documented for about eighty years. Chinese sources give An Shaofang a place here from his seals, but Shi dates his holding only to before about 1591. - **by 1570-1571 or later** Tan Zhiyi (Sizhong) of Wuxi `[documented]` (ownership) Wen Peng saw the scroll and Shen Zhou's copy together in Nanjing in April 1570; Wang Zhideng viewed both at Tan's Chenghuai Pavilion at Liangxi after the mid-autumn festival of 1571; Zhou Tianqiu spent a day with both forty-two days later. Shi describes Tan as the son of a governor-general holding a minor post by his father's rank. - **1571-1596** Possibly Xiang Yuanbian, An Shaofang and a Zhou in Beijing; owners not established `[unknown]` (gap) Dong Qichang remembered pressing a Zhou in Beijing to show him the scroll, which Shi turns into Zhou Taimu as a holder. An Shaofang's two seals and a possible Xiang Yuanbian are Shi's guesses. A modern book cited by Shi has the scroll pass from Tan to Dong in 1596. The chain between Tan and Dong is not established. - **1596-c. 1616** Dong Qichang, Songjiang `[documented]` (purchase) Dong's colophon of 1596, written on a boat at Longhuapu, says he bought it through his friend Hua Zhongfu on a mission to Hunan and kept it in his Studio of Painting Meditation. His 1614 note still calls it his. The price is not stated. - **c. 1616-1617** Wu family of Yixing, probably Wu Zhengzhi (Wu Zhiju) and his father Wu Daike `[disputed]` (pledge) Shen Hao's colophon of 1651 quotes Wu Hongyu: Dong pledged the scroll to his late father for a thousand gold. English and Chinese Wikipedia, Baidu Baike and a People's Daily digest say Dong sold it late in life. Shi Wanzhong argues for a pledge in 1616 or 1617, after the riot at Dong's home town of 1616 and before Wu Zhengzhi's death in the tenth month of 1617, and that Dong still hoped to redeem it in 1621. Zhang Chou's book of around 1616 puts it with the Wu family. The terms of the pledge are not recorded. - **1617-1650** Wu Zhengzhi, then his son Wu Hongyu (Wenqing), Yixing `[documented]` (inheritance) Wu Zhengzhi's seals, ten impressions in three designs, include those crossing the joins. Hongyu kept it in a room called the Fuchun Xuan and carried it with him in the upheaval of 1644, according to Zou Zhilin's colophon as printed on Baidu Baike. Sources disagree whether Hongyu was Wu Zhengzhi's third son, his youngest son or his grandson. - **1650-1651** Wu Hongyu; the scroll saved by a relative `[documented]` (fire and separation) The Taipei museum says the scroll was scorched in 1650 when the dying collector had it consigned to the fire and that a family member saved it. The earliest accounts read are Shen Hao's colophon of 1651 and Yun Shouping's, as quoted by Beijing Daily. Details, including the rescuer's name, whether only the front half burned and the substituted painting, are disputed. The first sheet was peeled away and a small piece survived as the Remaining Mountain. - **1651-1652** Wu Hongyu's family, possibly offered to Zou Zhilin for a thousand gold `[disputed]` (disputed offer) Zhou Lianggong's reading notes, quoted by Shi, say the heir offered the surviving scroll to Zou Zhilin for a thousand gold, Zou could not pay, inscribed the end and returned it. Nothing else documents the sale. - **by 24 May 1652-c. 1656** Zhang Fanwo (Zhang Bojun) of Danyang `[documented]` (ownership) The dealer Wu Qizhen recorded going on 24 May 1652 to see the scroll at Danyang. Shi's source for this is Wu Hufan's colophon on the fragment, quoting Wu Qizhen's Record of Paintings and Calligraphy. There are no seals of Zhang on the scroll. - **c. 1654** Possibly Zhou Bingwen of Wuxi `[unknown]` (seal only) A seal of Zhou Bingwen, a graduate of 1654, is on the scroll. No text places the scroll in his hands. - **c. 1656-before 1693** Ji Yuyong of Taixing, then possibly his son Ji Nangong `[documented]` (ownership) Seven seals of the Ji family are on the long section. Cheng Zhengkui viewed and copied it at Ji's house in 1657, according to the court catalogue Shiqu Baoji cited by Shi. Ji Nangong as the next holder, around 1673, is from Liu Peng's 2018 article, which was not seen. - **before 1693-c. 1700** Gao Shiqi, Kangxi court official `[documented]` (purchase) Gao Shiqi recorded the scroll in his catalogue of 1693 and, according to Shen Deqian's colophon, paid 600 gold for it. His own seal on it is unidentified. - **c. 1700-1723** Wang Hongxu, Kangxi minister `[documented]` (purchase) Wang's seals are on the scroll, and according to Shen Deqian's colophon he paid the same sum as Gao. Wang Hui made his sixth copy with the original before him in 1696 at Wang Hongxu's request. Wang died in 1723. - **1723-1735** Wang Hongxu's family, then An Qi `[disputed]` (sale) Shan Guoqiang says the family sold it to An Qi after Wang's death in 1723. Shen Deqian's colophon says that in 1728 Wang's family was offering it in Suzhou for a thousand gold with no buyer and that it then went toward Yangzhou. He saw it in An Qi's hands in 1735. - **by 1735-1746** An Qi, salt merchant of Tianjin and Yangzhou `[documented]` (ownership) An Qi is documented as holding it in 1735 by Shen Deqian's colophon; his catalogue Moyuan Huiguan of about 1742 records his collection. The account Shi follows has the household in difficulty by 1746. - **winter 1746-1912** Qianlong court, Qing imperial collection `[documented]` (purchase) Entered the collection in 1746 through the Grand Secretary Fuheng, one year after the Ziming Scroll. Liang Shizheng's inscription gives 'two thousand' together with what was offered for sale; China Daily says taels of gold, Baidu Baike taels of silver. Qianlong judged the scroll a fake and it carries only Liang's note. The Shiqu Baoji and Baoji Sanbian seals and seals of the Jiaqing and Xuantong emperors are on it. - **1912-1933** Palace Museum, Beijing (founded 1925) `[documented]` (institutional custody) The Taipei museum's chronicle gives 1925 as the founding year of the Palace Museum. No source read itemises the scroll's transfer from the Qing household to the museum. - **1933-1948** Palace Museum evacuation: Shanghai, Nanjing, Sichuan, Guizhou, back to Nanjing `[documented]` (wartime evacuation) Beijing Daily and the People's Daily digest say the scroll went south with the Palace Museum's best pieces from 1933 and was seen by Xu Bangda in the Shanghai storehouse. The route of this particular scroll is not itemised. - **1948 or 1949-present** Long section: National Palace Museum, Taipei (Gu Hua 001016) `[documented]` (transfer to Taiwan and museum custody) Beijing Daily and the People's Daily digest say the end of 1948; the Guardian and Baidu Baike say 1949. The Taipei chronicle records a first shipment of 320 crates in 1948. Which shipment carried this scroll is not stated. Catalogued in the Gugong Shuhua Lu of 1956, on the restricted-display list from 1992 and shown in the centenary exhibition of 2025. - **1651-c. 1652** Fragment (Remaining Mountain): Wu Qizhen, dealer `[documented]` (peeling and keeping of the fragment) Beijing Daily says Wu Qizhen peeled the burned part away and kept the surviving piece of about one chi five or six cun, which became the Remaining Mountain. This link belongs to the fragment, not to the long section. - **1669-before 1938** Fragment: Wang Tingbin of Guangning; album Sanchao Baohui; later a Chen family of Jiangyin `[unknown]` (ownership, then gap) Wang Tingbin's colophon on the fragment tells the story of the fire; the fragment was mounted in his album. The album later passed to a Chen family in Jiangyin who did not know what it was and sold the leaves separately. The owners between 1669 and the Chen family are not documented. - **before autumn 1938-1938** Fragment: Cao Youqing, Jigu Ge, Shanghai `[documented]` (purchase) Beijing Daily says he bought the leaf from the dismembered album and took it to Wu Hufan. - **autumn 1938-1956** Fragment: Wu Hufan, Shanghai (Meijing Shuwu) `[documented]` (exchange) Wu acquired it for a bronze vessel from his collection, which Beijing Daily calls a Zhou dun, the People's Daily digest a Shang or Zhou bronze and Baidu Baike a Shang yi. Shen Yinmo's title of New Year's Day 1939 says Wu got the fragment the winter before. Wu matched it to the long section by the join seal, by a photograph of the two pieces and by the scorch marks, and mounted it as a scroll. - **1956-present** Fragment: Zhejiang Provincial Cultural Relics Management Committee, then the Zhejiang Provincial Museum `[documented]` (purchase) Beijing Daily says Wu Hufan asked 5,000 yuan, which the committee paid, a sum that took most of its annual budget; Sha Menghai arranged it and Li Chengquan decided. The Zhejiang museum page lists the source as sold by Wu Hufan and the Taipei museum says it entered the Zhejiang museum in 1956. The price is reported in one search result as 8,000 yuan, which this record could not check. - **2011** Fragment: loan to the National Palace Museum, Taipei `[documented]` (loan) The fragment left Hangzhou on 11 May 2011 in the hands of the China Cultural Relics Exchange Centre and was due to pass, by Chen Hao's account, to Taiwan's Quanta Culture and Education Foundation and the Taipei museum on 18 May; it was valued at RMB 150 million and insured by the Taipei museum. It was shown beside the long section from 2 June to 31 July 2011. The return date is not given in the sources read. ## Exhibitions - Select Masterpieces from the National Palace Museum and the restricted-display lists, National Palace Museum, Taipei (the long section was on the list of 60 by 1992), 1984 and 1992 - Shanshui zhijian: Huang Gongwang's Fuchun scroll and Ming and Qing landscapes in the museum's collection, three months, said to be the fragment's fourth public showing in more than fifty years, Zhejiang Provincial Museum, Wulin branch, Hangzhou, 2010 - Landscape Reunited: Huang Gongwang and Dwelling in the Fuchun Mountains; both pieces together 2 June to 31 July in one case, National Palace Museum, Taipei, 2011 (2 June to 5 September) - Annual one-month showings of the fragment in the Fuchun Shanju hall; the 2025 showing, 11 November to 7 December, was the ninth public showing, Zhejiang Provincial Museum, Zhijiang branch, Hangzhou, 2023, 2024 and 2025 - Jiazi Wannian: the National Palace Museum Centenary Special Exhibition, 4 October 2025 to 4 January 2026; the long section is shown in its Meeting the World unit, National Palace Museum, Taipei, 2025 to 2026 ## Literature - Shi Wanzhong, 'Dong Qichang zhiya Fuchun shanju tu Wuyong shi juan shijian kao', Shuhua Yishu Xuekan 35, National Taiwan University of Arts (written 2013, published 2021, revised 2023). - Shan Guoqiang, 'Luelun Wang Hui Lin Huang Gongwang Fuchun shanju tu juan zhu ben', Macao Museum of Art symposium, 2013. - Xu Bangda, 'Huang Gongwang zhenwei ben kaobian', Palace Museum Journal, 1984, no. 2, pp. 27-36. - Fu Shen (C. Y. F. Shen), 'The Freer Gallery's Fuchun handscroll by Wang Hui and related problems', in Qingchu Siwang huapai yanjiu lunwenji (Shanghai, 1993), pp. 629-653. - A. John Hay, Huang Kung-wang's 'Dwelling in the Fu-ch'un Mountains': the dimensions of a landscape (Ph.D. dissertation, Princeton, 1978; typescript copy 1979), with appendices on the text of Xie shanshui jue and on Wu Hongyu's Yunqi lou. - Hin-cheung Lovell, 'Wang Hui's Dwelling in the Fu-ch'un Mountains: a classical theme, its origin and variations', Ars Orientalis 8 (1970), pp. 217-242. - Lou Qiuhua, Fuchun shanju tu zhenwei (Zhejiang University Press, 2010), two volumes. - He Chuanxin (Ho Chuan-hsing), ed., Shanshui hebi: Huang Gongwang yu Fuchun shanju tu tezhan / Landscape Reunited (National Palace Museum, Taipei, 2011), 363 pp. - Liu Peng, 'Fuchun shanju tu Qingchu liuchuan kaobian', Palace Museum Journal 2018, no. 2. - Sherman E. Lee and Wai-kam Ho, Chinese Art Under the Mongols: The Yuan Dynasty, 1279-1368 (Cleveland Museum of Art, 1968); James Cahill, 'The Yuan Dynasty', in Three Thousand Years of Chinese Painting (Yale University Press, 1997). - Wu Qizhen, Shuhua ji; Zhang Chou, Qinghe shuhua fang (1616); Zhou Lianggong, reading notes; Yun Shouping, Nantian huaba; Gao Shiqi, Jiangcun xiaoxia lu (1693); An Qi, Moyuan huiguan; Shiqu Baoji and Baoji Sanbian. - Chloe Estep, 'Retroactive Continuity: How (Not) to View a Scroll Painting in the Twenty-First Century', Comparative Literature 77, no. 3 (2025), pp. 356-377. ## Open questions - Who rescued the scroll from the fire in the winter of 1650 to 1651? The sources give the nephew as Wu Jing'an (English Wikipedia and Baidu Baike), Wu Zhendu (Chinese Wikipedia) and Wu Zi wen, also called Zhenming (Shi Wanzhong), and the Taipei museum says only a family member. The earliest texts read, by Shen Hao in 1651 and Yun Shouping, do not agree on the details. - Did Wu Hongyu really order the scroll burned, and is the story of a substituted painting any older than the twentieth-century retellings? Shen Hao's colophon of 1651 and Yun Shouping's account, the earliest read, do not contain the substitution. - Was the scroll ever given to Wuyong? The inscription says only that he accompanied Huang and asked for the inscription (Shi Wanzhong). Zhang Guangbin's identification of Wuyong as Zheng Chu is the usual one, and nothing is known of the scroll in the century after 1350. - When did Dong Qichang pledge the scroll and what exactly did the Wu family lend him? Shi Wanzhong puts it in 1616 or 1617 and reads Shen Hao's colophon of 1651 accordingly; the popular account has Dong selling it late in life. No source states the terms of the pledge or what 'a thousand gold' was. - What did Qianlong pay in 1746, in what metal and for what? Liang Shizheng's inscription as Shi quotes it says two thousand 'jin' together with what was offered for sale; China Daily says gold, Baidu Baike silver, and no source separates the scroll from the lot. - Who first restored the long section's reputation, and when? Xu Bangda in 1933 (Beijing Daily), the editor's note of the 1956 Taipei catalogue, the 1970s (People's Daily digest) and 1816 (Baidu Baike and English Wikipedia) are all reported, and Beijing Daily says the 1816 catalogue edition did not do it. - What did the opening of the scroll look like before the fire, and how long was the original? The Zhejiang museum's figure of about 746 cm exceeds the surviving 688.3 cm by 58 cm, and the Beijing Daily description of a city tower and flat sand at the mouth of the Fuchun River is the only description of the lost front read. - Which of the sources' prices for the fragment in 1956 is right? Beijing Daily says Wu Hufan asked, and the committee paid, 5,000 yuan; the sale was reportedly tied to a Yuan painting by Wang Meng that experts thought false, which Wang Jiying said he had only heard. A search result mentioning 8,000 yuan was not opened. - What bronze did Wu Hufan give for the fragment in 1938? Beijing Daily says a Zhou dun, the People's Daily digest a Shang or Zhou bronze and Baidu Baike a Shang yi, and where it is now is not stated. - Whether the Ziming Scroll is the altered Ming copy that Fu Shen proposed, and where the copies by Zou Zhilin and Zhang Hong, which Baidu Baike calls the closest to the whole scroll, now are. No source read says. - Does any physical analysis of the paper, ink or mounts exist, and will the Taipei museum lend the long section to the mainland? Beijing Daily recorded Taipei's demand for a clause of immunity from seizure in 2010. The sources read describe no analysis and show no loan since 2011. ## Sources - [1] National Palace Museum, Taipei, special exhibition site 'Landscape Reunited: Huang Gongwang and Dwelling in the Fuchun Mountains', Introduction page (English; read in the Internet Archive copy of 2011 because the live pages are gone). Primary institutional source: dates of the scroll, 1650 fire, the 1746 entry into the Qing collection, the two sections, Huang's career and the two display rotations. - [2] National Palace Museum, same exhibition site, page 'Huang Gongwang's Dwelling in the Fuchun Mountains' (English, Internet Archive copy): the Master Wuyong Scroll and the Remaining Mountain with dimensions, Zheng Wuyong, and the 1956 entry into the Zhejiang Provincial Museum. - [3] National Palace Museum, same exhibition site, page 'Huang Gongwang's Treasures of Painting and Calligraphy' (English, Internet Archive copy): Huang as a late starter with few surviving works, Nine Pearly Peaks in Green, the Cao Zhibo inscription, Fuchun Daling tu in Nanjing. - [4] National Palace Museum, same exhibition site, page 'Copies and Imitations of Dwelling in the Fuchun Mountains' (English, Internet Archive copy): Shen Zhou's 1487 copy, the Ziming Scroll, the Qianlong misjudgement, the list of copyists. - [5] National Palace Museum, same exhibition site, page 'Huang Gongwang's Heritage and Associations' (English, Internet Archive copy): Dong-Ju lineage and Huang's circle of friends. - [6] National Palace Museum, same exhibition site, page on Huang Gongwang's influence in the Ming and Qing (English, Internet Archive copy): Dong Qichang's Southern School theory, the Four Wangs, Shen Zhou's inscription. - [7] National Palace Museum, same exhibition site, home page (Internet Archive copy): First Period 2011/06/02 to 2011/07/31 (galleries 210 and 212) and Second Period 2011/08/02 to 2011/09/05. - [8] National Palace Museum, same exhibition site, Exhibit List (English, Internet Archive copy): both Fuchun sections listed in rotation A only, the Remaining Mountain 'on loan from the Zhejiang Provincial Museum'. - [9] National Palace Museum, Selections page 'Dwelling in the Fuchun Mountains (Master Wuyong Scroll)', English edition. Primary institutional source: Huang's adoption and Quanzhen allegiance, work 'on and off' 1347 to 1350, the layering of the ink, 'painted for a fellow Taoist named Master Wu-yung'. - [10] National Palace Museum, centenary exhibition site 'Enduring Legacy' (Jiazi Wannian), page 3, English edition: accession Gu Hua 001016, the 1956 Gugong Shuhua Lu with its editor's note that the Wuyong scroll is the original, the 1984 and 1992 restricted-display lists, the 2011 reunion. - [11] National Palace Museum, exhibition site 'Traveling with Art: Painting and Calligraphy Accompanying the Qianlong Emperor's Southern Tours', page 3 (English): the Ziming version, 32.9 x 589.2 cm, and Qianlong's 1784 inscription. - [12] National Palace Museum centenary chronicle (English): 1948 first shipment of 320 crates to Taiwan, 1950 Beigou storehouse, 1965 Taipei opening, 2011 Landscape Reunited. Read through the in-app browser because the page is script-driven. - [13] National Palace Museum, Northern Branch, exhibition page 'Jiazi Wannian: the National Palace Museum Centenary Special Exhibition', 4 October 2025 to 4 January 2026, hall 105 and 107 (Chinese). Read through the in-app browser. - [14] Shi Wanzhong (Shih Wan-jung), 'Dong Qichang zhiya Fuchun shanju tu Wuyong shi juan shijian kao' (The timeline of Dong Qichang pledging Dwelling in the Fuchun Mountains, Master Wuyong Scroll), Shuhua Yishu Xuekan no. 35, National Taiwan University of Arts (Chinese, with English abstract title; written 2013, published 2021 and revised 2023). The fullest scholarly chain of ownership for the long section, with the seal table. Read in full as a PDF. - [15] Shan Guoqiang (Palace Museum, Beijing), 'Luelun Wang Hui Lin Huang Gongwang Fuchun shanju tu juan zhu ben' (Wang Hui's copies of the Fuchun scroll), paper for the Macao Museum of Art symposium on Wang Jian, Wang Hui and the Yushan school, 2013 (Chinese). Read as a PDF from the Internet Archive copy. - [16] Zhejiang Provincial Museum, collection page 'Huang Gongwang Fuchun shanju tu juan' (Chinese, Internet Archive copy of 2005): first-class object, 31.8 x 51.4 cm, source 'sold by Wu Hufan', transcription of the inscriptions on Wu Hufan's mount. - [17] Zhejiang Online (Zhejiang News), 'Yi nian yi hui shanshui zhi yue ru qi er zhi' (Chinese), 11 November 2025: the Remaining Mountain on show 11 November to 7 December 2025 at the Zhijiang branch, ninth public showing. - [18] Beijing Daily via China News Service, 'Fuchun shanju tu liubai nian lisan lu', part 1 (Chinese), 23 March 2010: Wen Jiabao's remark, the Zhejiang Museum's display of the Remaining Mountain, Huang's life, the 1650 burning as told from Yun Shouping. - [19] Same series, part 2 (Chinese): the Remaining Mountain 1652 to 1938, Wu Hufan and Cao Youqing, the seal and scorch-mark proof, Qianlong and the Ziming scroll, Xu Bangda in 1933, the move to Taiwan. - [20] Same series, part 3 (Chinese): the 1956 purchase by the Zhejiang Cultural Relics Management Committee, the price of 5,000 yuan, Sha Menghai, Li Chengquan and Wang Jiying. - [21] Same series, part 4 (Chinese): the 1999 joint copying event, the 2005 contacts, Chen Hao on the 'judicial immunity from seizure' demand. - [22] Xinmin Evening News via China News Service, 'Fuchun shanju tu jiang zenyang miandui guanzhong? Anbao xia dagongfu' (Chinese), 16 May 2011: the 11 May handover, the 16.5 m case, display limits, Taiwan's two conditions, the chronology from Wen Jiabao to the January 2011 memorandum. - [23] China Review News Agency (Hong Kong), 'Fuchun shanju tu canjuan qiyun fu Tai' (Chinese), 12 May 2011: the RMB 150 million valuation, insurance of 0.1 to 0.3 per cent paid by the National Palace Museum, display conditions, handover through the China Cultural Relics Exchange Centre. - [24] People's Daily Digest (Renmin Wenzhai), 'Fuchun shanju tu de qianshi jinsheng' (Chinese), 1 May 2010: Wen Jiabao's full remark, the nephew substitution story, the claim that the verdict on the two scrolls was settled in the 1970s. - [25] Xinhua via China.org.cn, 'Parts of torn ancient Chinese painting brought together', 1 June 2011 (English): opening ceremony, 16 m case, memorandum of January 2011, Lien Chan, the 3D animation. - [26] China Daily, 'Dwelling in the fuchun mountains', 12 June 2011 (English; Internet Archive copy). Exhibition guide with several internal inconsistencies noted in the record. - [27] Taipei Times, 'Museum keen on displaying missing half of painting', 16 March 2010 (English): Chou Kung-shin on conditions for lending to China. - [28] Taipei Times (Central News Agency), 'Parts of treasured brush painting to finally be reunited', 13 May 2011 (English). Contains errors noted in the record. - [29] The Guardian (Associated Press), 'Torn pieces of 660-year-old Chinese painting to be reunited', 22 April 2011 (English). - [30] The Art Newspaper, no. 234, April 2012, exhibition and museum attendance figures for 2011 (English; PDF read from the Internet Archive copy): Landscape Reunited, National Palace Museum, 2 June to 5 September, 847,509 visitors, 8,828 a day. - [31] Reuters via Yahoo News Canada, 'Two elves and a scroll: China military releases animation on Taiwan reunification', 2 October 2023 (English). - [32] Chloe Estep, 'Retroactive Continuity: How (Not) to View a Scroll Painting in the Twenty-First Century', Comparative Literature 77, no. 3 (2025), pp. 356-377, Duke University Press (English). Only the abstract is open; read through the in-app browser. - [33] Wikipedia, 'Dwelling in the Fuchun Mountains' (English; wikitext). Tertiary source, used for the commonly repeated account and the 847,509 figure, to be replaced by primary sources where possible. - [34] Wikipedia, 'Fuchun shanju tu' (Chinese; wikitext). Tertiary source, used for the display arrangement in 2011, the 2010 stamp and the Wang Hui copies, to be replaced by primary sources where possible. - [35] Wikipedia, 'Huang Gongwang' (English; wikitext). Tertiary source, used for the Lee and Ho and Cahill statements as quoted there. - [36] Baidu Baike, 'Fuchun shanju tu' (Chinese edition; read through the in-app browser). Tertiary source, used for the printed text of the colophons and the popular chronology; to be replaced by primary sources where possible. - [37] Baidu Baike, 'Dwelling in the Fuchun Mountains' (English edition). Tertiary source, a machine-style English rendering used only for the wording of Huang Gongwang's inscription and the Ming colophons; the page redirects to advertising sites and was not used further. - [38] Hung Sheng, 'Huang Gongwang, Dwelling in the Fuchun Mountains', Khan Academy Art of Asia (English). Tertiary teaching text, used for the technical vocabulary and as an example of the substitution story. - [39] Wikimedia Commons, Category 'Dwelling in the Fuchun Mountains' and the file description pages for the plates used here (licence statements, National Palace Museum source links, catalogue label Gu Hua 001016 on the CC0 detail). - [40] Smithsonian Open Access API search result for 'Dwelling in the Fuchun Mountains' (Smithsonian Libraries catalogue records, English): confirms the existence and details of A. John Hay's 1978 dissertation, Hin-cheung Lovell's 1970 article, C. Y. F. Shen's 1993 article, Lou Qiuhua's 2010 book and the 2011 National Palace Museum catalogue. - [41] Wikipedia, 'Switch (2013 film)' (English; wikitext). Tertiary source for the 2013 film whose Chinese title carries the name of the scroll. - [42] Wikipedia, 'Dwelling in the Fuchun Mountains (film)' (English; wikitext). Tertiary source for the 2019 film and its director. --- Images on this record are public domain or CC0 and are hosted by us. No image on this site is generated or simulated. If you quote this record, quote the provenance grades with it.